abstract：:Diarrhea is a common clinical feature of inflammatory bowel diseases and may be accompanied by abdominal pain, urgency, and fecal incontinence. The pathophysiology of diarrhea in these diseases is complex, but defective absorption of salt and water by the inflamed bowel is the most important mechanism involved. In add...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Wenzl HH

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Capsule endoscopy is a relatively new technology available in the investigation of IBD. Its place in the algorithm of evaluating IBD is being refined. Capsule endoscopy has the ability to visualize the entire SB with very few complications. It is a sensitive test for the diagnosis of mucosal changes, but should be vie...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： de Melo SW Jr,Di Palma JA

更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Overall, fecal markers have been found to be more accurate than serum markers. However, fecal markers are not specific for IBD and may be elevated in a range of organic conditions. Fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin can still differentiate inflammatory disease from functional bowel disorders. Comparison studies have f...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Abraham BP,Kane S

更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CP remains a challenging disease. Endoscopic and surgical management, along with antioxidants, have helped in reducing chronic pain. Management of exocrine and endocrine insufficiency forms the cornerstone for improving nutrition in these patients. Newer therapeutic targets that will transcend the management of CP bey...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Trikudanathan G,Navaneethan U,Vege SS

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Radiation therapy is a rapidly evolving field, and recent technical advances have spurred an increasing number of new treatments as well as marked improvements in previously existing treatments. Despite a growing body of published evidence demonstrating that radiotherapy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer is impro...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Trakul N,Koong AC,Maxim PG,Chang DT

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Esophageal high-resolution manometry (HRM) improves the management of patients with nonobstructive dysphagia. It has increased the diagnostic yield for detecting achalasia and defined three clinically relevant achalasia subtypes. Esophagogastric junction (EGJ) outflow obstruction, defined as an impaired EGJ relaxation...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Roman S,Kahrilas PJ

更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The goal of antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis B is to prevent the complications of cirrhosis, hepatic decompensation, HCC, and death. Because these clinical outcomes may take a long period of time to develop, it is important to use intermediate or surrogate end points to evaluate the efficacy and response to an...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Lee M,Keeffe EB

更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a complex clinical process with multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms. There has recently been a shift in the treatment of patients with severe IBS symptoms to disease-modifying therapies as opposed to symptomatic treatment. Because pathophysiologic differences exist between men and wo...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Tsynman DN,Thor S,Kroser JA

更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Women have started to enter gastroenterology (GI) in significant numbers over the past 5 years, although they are still underrepresented compared with the proportion of female graduating medical students. This underrepresentation is most likely caused by the culture of GI where female students and residents have felt ...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Elta GH

更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that has been shown to aggregate in families and to affect multiple generations, but not in a manner consistent with a major Mendelian effect. Relatives of an individual with IBS are 2 to 3 times as likely to have IBS, with both genders being affected. To date, more ...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Saito YA

更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic gastrointestinal disorder, characterized by chronic or recurrent abdominal pain and bloating. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a diverse group of medical treatments that are not commonly considered to be a part of conventional medicine yet frequently us...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Magge S,Lembo A

更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:New high-resolution colonoscopes and filter technologies are allowing us to visualize more lesions and better characterize lesions within the gastrointestinal tract. In light of recent findings that flat and serrated lesions are more likely to contain invasive cancer and that even small lesions (5-10 mm) may contain a...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Sauk J,Hoffman A,Anandasabapathy S,Kiesslich R

更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The modern management of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding includes, in selected patients, the performance of timely multimodal endoscopic hemostasis followed by profound acid suppression. This article discusses the available data on the use of antisecretory regimens in the management of patients with blee...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Greenspoon J,Barkun A

更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Successful treatment of unresectable and metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) requires the thoughtful choice of systemic therapy as a component of a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach. The role of somatostatin analogues is established in symptom relief, but the efficacy of interferon ...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Lawrence B,Gustafsson BI,Kidd M,Modlin I

更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gallstones are common with prevalences as high as 60% to 70% in American Indians and 10% to 15% in white adults of developed countries. Ethnic differences abound with a reduced frequency in black Americans and those from East Asia, while being rare in sub-Saharan Africa. Certain risk factors for gallstones are immutab...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Stinton LM,Myers RP,Shaffer EA

更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Acute acalculous cholecystitis (ACC) can develop with or without gallstones after surgery and in critically ill or injured patients. Diabetes mellitus, malignant disease, abdominal vasculitis, congestive heart failure, cholesterol embolization, shock, and cardiac arrest also have been associated with AAC. The pathogen...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Barie PS,Eachempati SR

更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article examines the transitions in pharmacological therapy for obesity. It reviews the current options approved by the Food and Drug Administration and several drugs approved for other indications that can be used to treat obesity as well. Because weight regulation is complex and redundant systems protect agains...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Kaplan LM

更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The past decade has seen an alarming increase in the burden of disease associated with Clostridium difficile. Several studies have now demonstrated an increasing incidence of C difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with a more severe course of disease compared with the non-IBD populatio...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Ananthakrishnan AN,Issa M,Binion DG

更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Fecal incontinence affects up to 20% of community-dwelling adults and more than 50% of nursing home residents, and is one of the major risk factors for elderly persons in the nursing home. Institutionalization itself is a risk factor (eg, immobility due to physical restraints). Management should focus on identifying a...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Leung FW,Rao SS

更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Choosing NSAID therapy remains confusing and controversial-the challenge for the clinician is to sum all the risks as well as analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy. COX-2 inhibitors are an important scientific advance in pain therapy, and using them in a safe and cost-effective manner is possible when all the compe...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Scheiman JM

更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The effort to improve outcomes in esophageal cancer has included attempts at improving staging and patient selection. 2-Deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-Dglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has been extensively studied in this context and has been widely accepted as a staging tool. Its role in restaging or assessing t...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Yoon HH,Lowe VJ,Cassivi SD,Romero Y

更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is defined by either subjective complaints indicative of problematic gastroesophageal reflux or objective complications directly attributable to reflux. Studies focused on GERD-related symptoms suggest a worldwide increase in prevalence of approximately 4% per year. Epidemiologic...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Pandolfino JE,Kwiatek MA,Kahrilas PJ

更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hemorrhoids and anal fissures are common benign anorectal conditions that form a significant part of a colorectal surgeon's workload. This review summarizes and evaluates the current techniques available in their management. ...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Chong PS,Bartolo DC

更新日期：2008-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Autoimmune pancreatitis is the pancreatic manifestation of a systemic disorder that affects various organs, including the bile duct, retroperitoneum, kidney, and parotid and lacrimal glands. It represents a recently described subset of chronic pancreatitis that is immune mediated and has unique histologic, morphologic...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Gardner TB,Chari ST

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article focuses on preventing the initiation and promotion of neoplastic growth in colon cancer, particularly with dietary measures. A goal of dietary epidemiology is to identify chemopreventive agents and strategies. The effects of diet are analyzed by observational approaches and experimental dietary, nutrition...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Marshall JR

更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Radiation therapy (RT) has been used to treat cancers for more than a century. Recent randomized trials have helped clarify the treatment recommendations in the use of RT for colorectal cancers. This article reviews these trials to illustrate key concepts, places these trials in perspective, and provides direction for...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Robertson JM

更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Barrett's esophagus, currently defined as endoscopically apparent columnar metaplasia of the esophagus with histologic documentation of goblet cells, is the precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma. However, not all patients with this disorder require intensive surveillance. Pathologic diagnosis and grading of dysplasia...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Hornick JL,Odze RD

更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Anal cancer is rare and this helps to explain why anal pre-neoplastic conditions are poorly understood, especially with regard to their natural history and management. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia is closely linked to human papillomavirus infection and is particularly common in homosexuals and in immunosuppressed pa...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Shepherd NA

更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The use of high-frequency ultrasound transducers combined with manometry in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has yielded important findings concerning the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the high-pressure zone of the gastroesophageal junction and the sphincteric muscles within. These transducers have made p...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Miller L,Vegesna A,Kalra A,Besetty R,Dai Q,Korimilli A,Brasseur JG

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nutritional support can improve the outcome from severe acute pancreatitis in two ways: first by providing the building blocks for tissue repair and recovery, and second, by modulating the inflammatory response and preventing organ failure, both of which are responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality associat...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： O'Keefe SJ,Sharma S

更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Endoscopic approaches have revolutionized the palliation of advanced pancreatic cancer. The ideal management consists of a multidisciplinary approach involving surgeons, endoscopists, radiologists, and oncologists. Concurrent advances in the fields of interventional radiology and laparoscopic surgical oncology should ...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Sanders M,Papachristou GI,McGrath KM,Slivka A

更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Intestine transplant is indicated for patients with intestinal failure who are unable to be weaned from parenteral nutrition (PN). Long-term PN, although life sustaining in many patients, can be associated with life-threatening complications including PN-associated liver disease (PNALD). Most patients are not consider...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Fryer JP

更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Biologics are a primary focus for research and development of new treatments for IBD and other immune disorders. CDER, which is a branch of the FDA, oversees most of the biologics that are being used or tested for IBD, and it regulates nonbiologic medications for IBD. The approval process for most biologics for IBD is...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Tremaine WJ

更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops from a dysplastic precursor lesion, regardless of whether it arises sporadically, in the setting of high-risk hereditary conditions, or in the context of chronic inflammation like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This review focuses on the molecular alterations associated with CRC pat...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Itzkowitz SH

更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Probiotics have been studied in a variety of GI infections, and are an appealing concept given their favorable safety profiles. Several placebo-controlled trials indicated that lactobacilli have a suppressive effect on H pylori infection. Although some studies reported improvement in H pylori eradication, others faile...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Huebner ES,Surawicz CM

更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:QOL assessment in oncology has made great strides in recent years. There was a difficult time initially, during which QOL tools were "thrown in" to many clinical trials as an afterthought, without a pre-specified scientific question. As expected from such a scattershot approach, the results were underwhelming and disa...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Hassan I,Cima RC,Sloan JA

更新日期：2006-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The management of recurrent, symptomatic malignant ascites can be problematic for physicians and patients. The most common, low-risk method is large-volume paracentesis. Patient disease progression often leads to rapid reaccumulation of ascites, which requires frequent return visits to the hospital for symptom managem...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Rosenberg SM

更新日期：2006-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Diagnostic angiography still plays an essential role in the diagnosis of patients,particularly those with acute lower GI bleeding. Transcatheter therapy appears to be a viable treatment alternative in selected patients with GI bleeding. Many interventionists today believe embolotherapy to be more effective initially a...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Miller M Jr,Smith TP

更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Because there are no reliable biological or laboratory markers associated with the condition, the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) is based on patient descriptions of common symptoms such as abdominal pain accompanied by changes in stool form or frequency and associated symptoms such as bloating and distensi...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Cash BD,Chey WD

更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article highlights the different dietary approaches that have evolved and become popular over the past few years. Whether these are fads or truly represent important changes in the way peo-ple eat and that ultimately will lead to a lower rate of obesity and improved health is impossible to know. ...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Balart LA

更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00